Bi-Quarterly Political Knowledge

The role of “deep ideology” in the conflict of government - society and occurrence of Islamic Revolution in Iran

Document Type : Science - Research (Iranian Political issues)

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Political Science Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, I.R.Iran.

2 Postdoctoral Researcher of Political Science Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, I.R.Iran.

10.30497/pkn.2024.246338.3166

Abstract

Entering the fifth decade since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the examination of its various dimensions is still thought-provoking and surprising from different aspects. So that according to the pseudo-modernism actions of the second Pahlavi regime,  in what can be referred to as the problem of path dependence, contexts for dissatisfaction and change were provided in the conflict between the government and society.Thus, the present article tries to answer the main question that how the governance quality of the Pahlavi regime has provided the dissatisfaction of different sections of the people in the integration of the innovation of the ideology of Imam Khomeini and the occurrence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution? The present research, based on the theory of the fourth generation revolution of the Goldstone , has concluded that the innovations emanating from the religious culture of Imam Khomeini's Shia in the form of a deep ideology increased the set of existing alternatives through the Velayat Faqih, and the goals and strategies of different type of the people had been led  in the sequence of events at serious and critical moments towards the change of the political system depending on the path.Iran's Islamic Revolution shows the logic of path-dependent reactive sequence reasoning. As far as possible in this path, three main sequences can be identified, which are: modernization, environmental and cultural. The modernization sequence is considered a primary sequence and contains events that directly harmed the interests, values ​​and culture of the society.The environmental sequence has been set up by the inherent characteristics of the Iranian people, such as independence, people's participation in elections, and freedom. These conditions were necessary for the strong reliance of different strata of people on an ideological innovation invented by Imam Khomeini.The cultural sequence has been determined by strengthening the propositions of the invented ideology, such as the priority of the people over the government, Islamic freedom, the necessity of religion's involvement in politics, emphasis on ijtihad according to the requirements of time and place, and finally the Islamic state.

Keywords

Main Subjects

آبراهامیان، یرواند (1377). ایران بین دو انقلاب: درآمدی بر جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی ایران معاصر، (احمدگل محمدی و محمدابراهیم فتاحی، مترجمان)، تهران: نی.
اشرف، احمد و بتوعزیزی، علی (1387). طبقات اجتماعی، دولت و انقلاب در ایران، (سهیلا ترابی­فارسانی، مترجم)، تهران: نیلوفر.
الگار، حامد (1375). انقلاب اسلامی ایران. تهران: انصاریان.
امام­جمعه­زاده، سیدجواد و ابراهیمی، علی (1395). «تحلیل جامعه‌شناسانه وقوع انقلاب اسلامی؛ با تأکید بر نظریه محرومیت نسبی تد رابرت گر و اندیشه‌های امام خمینی(ره)»، دانش سیاسی، 12 (23)، 27-60.
پرورش، امیرحسین و دیگران (1402). «تحلیل وقوع، اکنون و آینده‌ انقلاب اسلامی ایران بر اساس نظریه رخداد»، دانش سیاسی، 19 (38)، 375-394.
درویشی، فرهاد و ملیحه رمضانی (1388). «بررسی نقش ائتلاف طبقه اجتماعی در پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی ایران»، پژوهشنامه متین. 11 (46)، 75-96.
دلاوری، ابوالفضل (1370). نوسازی در ایران: موانع و تنگناهای نوسازی سیاسی و اقتصادی تا پایان عصر قاجار، پایان­نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
کشاورز شکری، عباس و سالم، ملیحه (1397). «زمینه‌های ساختاری و کارگزاری نهضت ملی‌شدن صنعت نفت و انقلاب اسلامی ایران»، دانش سیاسی. 14 (21)، 61-90.
کاتوزیان، محمدعلی (1372). اقتصاد سیاسی ایران، (محمدرضا نفیسی، مترجم). تهران: پاپیروس.
گراوند، مجتبی و دیگران (1395). «مطالعه تطبیقی عوامل کامیابی اسلام‌گرایان ایران و ناکامی همتایان مصری در حفظ قدرت سیاسی پس از انقلاب»، ژرفاپژوه. 3 (10)، 127-150.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). a history of modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Afkhami, Gholam R. (1985). The Iranian Revolution: Thanatos on a National Sca/e, Washington DC: The Middle East Institute.
Arjomand, Said Amir (1986), "Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective", World Politics, Vol. 38, No. 3.
Azimi, Fakhreddin (2010). The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle against Authoritarian Rule, Harvard University Press.
Bagheri Dana, Ehsan and et al. (2018). "A Comparative Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and Bahrain's February 14th Movement Based on Goldstone's Fourth Generation Theory, Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Politics and Law. Vol, 3 (4).
Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jones, Bryan D. (2009). Agendas and Instability in American Politics - second edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bayat, Assef (1987). Workers and Revolution in Iran, New York, London: Zed Books.
Bengtsson, B. and Ruonavaara, H. (2010). “Introduction to the special issue: path dependence in housing”, Housing, Theory and Society, Vol. 27 No. 3.
Berman S. (1998). Path Dependency and Political Action: Re-examining Responses to the Depression, Comparative Politics 30.
Boas, T. C. (2007). “Conceptualizing Continuity and Change. The Composite-Standard Model of Path Dependence” Journal of Theoretical Politics, 19(1)
Chan, A. (2020). “Vietnam's and China's diverging industrial relations systems: cases of path dependency”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 50 No. 3.
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard (2005). "Can Path Dependence Explain Institutional Change? Two Approaches Applied to Welfare State Reform:, MPIfG Discussion Paper, No. 05/2.
Eisenstadt, Michael (2011). Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011?, Strategic Forum National Defense University.
Fischer, Michael (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Foran, John, (1993), "Theories of Revolution: Toward a Fourth Generation?" Sociological Theory. Vol. 11, NO. 1.
Godazgar, hossein(2002). "Islamism and education in modern Iran, with special reference to gendered social interactions and relationships", omía, Sociedad y Territorio, vol. Economía, Sociedad y Territorio III.
Goldstone, Jack A. (2001). "toward a fourth generation of revolutionary theory". Annual Review of Political Science, Vol 4.
Green, Jerrold D. (1982). Revolution in Iran, New York: Praeger Publishers.
Greener, Ian (2005). "The Potential of Path Dependence in Political Studies", Politics, vol 25.
Greener, Ian(2004). :Theorising path dependence: how does history come to matter in organisations, and what can we do about it?:, Working Paper. Department of Management Studies, University of York, York.
Gürbüz, edat (2003). "The Iranıan Revolution", Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(4):1.
Haghighat, Seyed Sadegh (2000). Six theories about the islamic revolution's victory, Alhoda UK, The centre for cultural and International studies.
Heron, Tony and Richardson, Ben (2008). :Path dependency and the politics of liberalisation in the textiles and clothing industry", New Political Economy, Vol.13 (No.1)
Hooglund, Eric (1981). "Dictatorship and Development Fred Halliday", International Society of Iranian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1/2.
Hooglund, Eric (1986). Social Origins of the Revolutionary C/ergy, Syracuse University Press.
Kamali, Masoud (1997). "The modern revolutions of Iran: Civil society and state in the modernization process", Citizenship Studies, 1:2.
Katouzian, Homa (2009). "The Iranian Revolution of February 1979", in The Iranian Revolution at 30, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints.
Katouzian, M. A. (1978). "Oil versus agriculture a case of dual resource depletion in Iran", The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5:3.
Kay, A. (2005). “A critique of the use of path dependency in policy studies”, Public Administration, Vol. 83 No. 3.
Keddie, Nikki r. (1982). "Comments on Skocpol, Department of History", University of California, Los Angeles, available: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00211657#page-1.
Keddie, Nikki R. and Richard, Yann (2003). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, New Haven, Conn. Yale University Press.
Kurzman, Charles (2003). "The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978", Social Science History, 27:3.
Lawson, George (2004). Negotiated Revolutions: The Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile, London: Ashgate.
Lawson, George (2016). "Within and Beyond the ‘Fourth Generation’ of Revolutionary Theory", Sociological Theory. Vol 34. Issue 2.
Milani, Mohsen M. (1988). The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic, London: Westview Press.
Moaddel, Mansoor (1993). Class, Politics, and Ideolosy in the Iranian Revolution, New York: Columbia University Press.
Parsa, Misagh (2000). Sates, Ideologies, & social Revolutions: A Comparative Study of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pierson, Paul (1997), Path Dependence, Increasing Returns, and the Study of Politics, Program for the Study of Germany and Europe. Working Paper Series.
Pierson, P. (2000) Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. The American Political Science Review, 94(2).
Pierson, Paul (2004), Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2.
Powell, W. (1991), Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis’, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: Chicago University Press).
Prado, Mariana and Trebilcock, Michael (2009), Path Dependence, Development, and the Dynamics of Institutional Reform, The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 59, No. 3.
Ramazani, K. (2004), Ideology and Pragmatism in Iran's Foreign Policy, Middle East Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4.
Rixen, Thomas and Viola, Lora Anne (2015), Putting path dependence in its place: toward a Taxonomy of institutional change, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol. 27.
Salehi, M.M.(1988), Insurgency Througn Culture and Religion, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, New York, London: Praeger.
Shadmehr, Mehdi (2012), Ideology and the Iranian Revolution, available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1999826
Skocpol, Theda (1982), Rentier State and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution, Theory and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3.
Skospol, Theda (1994), Social Revolutions in the Modern World, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thelen, K. (1999). “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics”, Annual Review of Political Science 2.
Torfing, J. (2009), “Rethinking path dependence in public policy research”, Critical Policy Studies, Vol. 3 No. 1.
Zabih, Sepehr (1979), Iran's Revotutionary Upheavat, San Francisco: Alchemy Books.
Zonis, Marvin (1981), Poverty and Revolution in Iran: The Migrant Poor, Urban Marginality and Politics, Iranian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3/4.
Bi-Quarterly Political Knowledge
Volume 20, Issue 2 - Serial Number 40
ESSAY
September 2024
Pages 477-502
  • Receive Date: 19 May 2024
  • Revise Date: 13 July 2024
  • Accept Date: 03 August 2024