Theoretical Framework of Corruption in Governance Based on Conflict-of-Interest Situations: A Step Towards Innovative Anti-Corruption Policy-Making

This article develops a novel theoretical framework for analyzing corruption in governance with a focus on the role of conflict of interest. Corruption is one of the fundamental challenges in governance systems, threatening efficiency, social justice, and public trust. Despite extensive research, existing models primarily focus on the manifestations of corruption, such as bribery and embezzlement, while paying less attention to its underlying mechanisms. This study employs a critical realism approach to define corruption as a conscious act within the context of conflict-of-interest situations. This approach highlights the interplay between the individual and structural dimensions of corruption. Consequently, conflict-of-interest situations are identified as the primary drivers of corruption, forming the basis for a new typology of corruption. The article demonstrates that preventive management of conflict-of-interest situations as a structural factor, along with strengthening individual ethical incentives, can play a significant role in reducing corruption. This theoretical framework, through a more precise analysis of corruption and establishing a correlation between types of conflicts of interest and forms of corruption, provides an effective tool for anti-corruption policymaking. The practical recommendations presented in this article pave the way for governance reforms and combating corruption within organizations and public institutions.
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The most important achievement of this framework is that it can change the existing approach in anti-corruption policies because the mechanism of corruption is the conscious action of agents in conflict of interest situations. Therefore, to prevent corruption, it is necessary to focus on two main factors and make policies. On the other hand, according to the correspondence that was stated, it is possible to determine the type of corruption for any form of governance in a practical way, and according to the type of corruption, understand the type of conflict of interest that precedes it, and then for the situation of the conflict of interest that leads to that corruption. It is possible to make policy.